Long-Term Athletic Development: The Role of Strength and Conditioning
- Chris Moffet
- Mar 2
- 5 min read
Updated: Apr 2
In this review we will discuss the Long-Term Athletic Development (LTAD) model and the essential role that strength and conditioning (S&C) training plays in the development of young athletes.
Long-Term Athletic Development (LTAD):
Long-Term Athletic Development (LTAD) is a framework designed to guide athletes through the various key stages of development (Figure 1), recognizing that athletes develop physically, mentally, and emotionally at different rates (1).
Figure 1.
Model of long-term athletic development.
Note. (1)
The LTAD model is designed to ensure young athletes are physically prepared for the demands of their sport, whilst emphasising a well-rounded, holistic approach to athlete development. This approach aims to reduce the risk of overtraining and burnout by promoting age-appropriate training methods and recognising the importance of rest and recovery. There are several general models of LTAD, however, developing muscular strength and motor skill competency is central to each and are considered an integral focus throughout all stages of development (2).
The Role of Strength and Conditioning in LTAD:
S&C plays a critical role in supporting each stage of the LTAD model, particularly as a well-designed and well-coached S&C programme can reduce injury risk, enhance athleticism and support improved health and well-being in young athletes (2, 3).
Injury Prevention:
One of the most significant benefits of strength training for youth athletes is its role in reducing the risk of injuries. Modern day youth athletes are at an increased risk of injury due to an overexposure to high volume and high intensity sport specific training, brought on by early sport specialisation (4). Additionally, adolescents experience periods of rapid physical growth during the ages of 12-14 years for males, and 11-13 years for females (5), which creates an imbalance between muscular strength, bone development and motor control, linking the adolescent growth spurt to increased vulnerability for injury (6). Resistance training in athletes aged 6-18 years old has been shown to elicit adaptions in muscular strength, power, running speed, dynamic balance and an improvement in motor skill performance (3), increasing resilience to sports-related injuries by as much as 66% (7).
Increased Athleticism:
S&C plays a crucial role in developing the fundamental movement skills associated with advanced sport specific movements (2), and improvements in general long-term fitness and engagement in physical activity (3). To increase athleticism and augment athletic development, a strength and conditioning programme for a youth athlete should incorporate a breath of athletic motor skill competencies (AMSC), delivered in a varied, fun and engaging environment (2, 8). Additionally, for athletes who specialise in one sport from an early age, a multifaceted S&C programme that incorporates a variety of AMSC may assist the development of physical literacy skills by exposing the athlete to movement patterns uncommon in their sport, and typically acquired through free play and involvement in other sports, which can promote a more well-rounded development strategy and reduce the risk of over use injury (3).
Long-Term Health, Well-being and Confidence:
Regular strength training in youth populations improves physical literacy, which is considered to be a cornerstone to lifelong health and fitness (9). Whereas a lack of physical literacy and mastery of foundational movement skills at a young age are linked to a lack of motivation and confidence later in life, caused by an inability to physically and socially keep up with peers (3). Moreover, strength training teaches discipline, patience, and perseverance – skills that carry over into all areas of life. Additionally, engaging with the process of training also helps teach delayed gratification and a healthy appreciation for hard work and physical effort, building resilience that will help young athletes overcome challenges both in and out of sports.
Summary and Practical Takeaways:
LTAD is an important framework for guiding training prescription for young athletes. This day in age young athletes are exposed to high volumes of sport specific training and busy competitive schedules, which coincide with a time when they are experiencing significant physical, physiological and psychological changes (2). Well-coached S&C training can help young athletes develop the physical qualities they need to succeed in their sport, help minimise the risk of injury and burnout, whilst increasing confidence and mental resilience.
Here are some key takeaways:
Work with a qualified coach: Youth athletes are not mini adults. Due to the complexities of working with youth athletes, practitioner’s working with these populations should have extensive knowledge of paediatric exercise science, to ensure training prescription is safe and effective.
Quality > Quantity: S&C training programmes for youth populations should focus on technical competency coupled with biological maturation to guide training prescription. Quantity should never be emphasised above quality.
Look at the entire picture: Youth athletes are extremely busy balancing sports, competition as well as academic and social pressures. It is important that the entire physical and psychological demand a young athlete is exposed to is taken into consideration to ensure any S&C training does not simply become another add-on within an already packed schedule.
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